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Baruch Spinoza
Baruch Spinoza (;〔("Spinoza" ) entry in ''Collins English Dictionary'', HarperCollins Publishers, 1998.〕 ; born Benedito de Espinosa, (:benɨˈðitu ðɨ iʃpɨˈnozɐ); 24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677, later Benedict de Spinoza) was a Dutch philosopher of Sephardi Portuguese origin.〔 The breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until many years after his death. By laying the groundwork for the 18th-century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism,〔Yovel, Yirmiyahu, ''Spinoza and Other Heretics: The Adventures of Immanence'' (Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 3〕 including modern conceptions of the self and the universe, he came to be considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy〔Scruton 1986 (2002 ed.), ch. 2, p.26〕 His magnum opus, the posthumous ''Ethics'', in which he opposed Descartes' mind–body dualism, has earned him recognition as one of Western philosophy's most important thinkers. In the ''Ethics'', "Spinoza wrote the last indisputable Latin masterpiece, and one in which the refined conceptions of medieval philosophy are finally turned against themselves and destroyed entirely."〔Scruton 1986 (2002 ed.), ch. 1, p.32.〕 Hegel said, "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all." His philosophical accomplishments and moral character prompted 20th-century philosopher Gilles Deleuze to name him "the 'prince' of philosophers".〔quoted in the translator's preface of Deleuze ''Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza'' (1990).〕
Spinoza's given name varies between different languages: (ヘブライ語:ברוך שפינוזה) ''Baruch Spinoza'', (ポルトガル語:Benedito or Bento de Espinosa) and (ラテン語:Benedictus de Spinoza); in all these languages, the given name means "Blessed". Spinoza was raised in the Portuguese Jewish community in Amsterdam. He developed highly controversial ideas regarding the authenticity of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of the Divine. The Jewish religious authorities issued a ''cherem'' (Hebrew: חרם, a kind of ban, shunning, ostracism, expulsion, or excommunication) against him, effectively excluding him from Jewish society at age 23. His books were also later put on the Catholic Church's ''Index of Forbidden Books''.
Spinoza lived an outwardly simple life as a lens grinder, turning down rewards and honours throughout his life, including prestigious teaching positions.
Spinoza died at the age of 44 allegedly of a lung illness, perhaps tuberculosis or silicosis exacerbated by fine glass dust inhaled while grinding optical lenses. Spinoza is buried in the churchyard of the Christian Nieuwe Kerk in The Hague.〔, (Snipped view of page 828 )〕
==Biography==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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